The Importance of Biological Factors in the Development of...

The Importance of Biological Factors in the Development of Gender Identity The biosocial theory suggests that gender identity develops as a result of the obvious biological differences between boys and girls and the hormonal differences between the sexes which can be observed in the foetus from about six weeks (Durkin, 1995). Supporting evidence has been found through animal studies, such as that by Young, Goy and Phoenix (1964) who gave testosterone to pregnant monkeys and found that any female offspring were prone to be unusually aggressive. Evidence is also found in case studies of humans. Imperato-McGinley et al. (1974) studied a family in the Dominican Republic in which four children were born†¦show more content†¦This demonstrates the part played by both hormonal and psychological factors, working against genetic factors , in the development of gender identity. The sociobiological theory argues that males and females look and behave differently because they are driven to behave in ways that maximise their chances to reproduce and pass on their genes. As females produce a limited supply of eggs at some physical cost they must ensure that each reproduction is as successful as possible by selecting a mate with good genes who can provide for them and their offspring. In contrast, males produce large amounts of sperm at almost no physical cost and therefore maximise their chances of passing on their genes through promiscuity. The sexy sons hypothesis argues that females select males who posses characteristics which they would like their sons to inherit, in order that the sons are selected as mates by other females, continuing the genetic line. The handicapping theory suggests that females seek males with robust genes, demonstrated by the males ability to sustain characteristics that incur a physiological cost, such as a peacocks elaborate tai l. Research evidence in support of the sociobiological theory includes Davis (1990) findings that men advertising for a mate emphasise their wealth and other resources and women focus on their own physical attractiveness. Cross-cultural studies,Show MoreRelatedMasculinity And Masculinity : A Patriarchal Society1516 Words   |  7 Pageshypothetically equal. The gender-role identity is the extent of masculine or feminine self-appreciation of an individual (McNeill Petersen, 1985, cited in Fromme Eccles, 1996). Masculinity and femininity described by Deaux (1984) as personal characteristics, activities, behaviours, dispositions, appearances which are acceptable for males or females and established by sociocultural factors, while sex refers only to the physiological dissimilarities. Per biological supposition, gender is fully defined byRead MoreA Deeper Understanding Of Identity Essay1559 Words   |  7 Pagesand more. But it is the combination of these identities that makes every h uman complex and unique. A deeper understanding of identity requires organizing identities into two categories: factual and non-factual. Factual identities include features and attributes that could be seen with naked eyes or measured with instruments, such as race and age. Non-factual identities, like gender identity (different from the idea of biological sex) and social identity, are malleable because they depend on actionsRead MoreGender Differences Within Social Development1747 Words   |  7 Pagesinform the reader of the gender differences through social development. Depending on a child’s gender, things such as gender identity and social acceptance have a great impact in their development. The first thing parents learned about their children before birth is the sex of the baby. This highlights the importance of sex and gender. Sex differences have long been a very important topic in psychology and in understanding why gender differences affect social development. Social learning theoryRead MoreErickson s Theory Of Development1382 Words   |  6 Pagespsychosocial development beyond childhood and theorized that the ego itself is shaped and transformed not only by biological and psychological forces, but also social factors. This was a new perspective because Freud s theory didn t use any other factors for development. Erickson s â€Å"linked biological urogenital zones with particular mode of ego functioning and demonstrated how self and identity are biological, physical, logical, and socially determined.†(Berzoff, 2011) Erickson saw development occurringRead MoreCultural Sensitivity And The Therapeutic Relationship1361 Words   |  6 Pagesculture as a complex social concept, which encompasses socially transmitted communication styles, family customs, political systems, and ethnic identity held by a particular group of people (p. 113). It is what brings people together, and it is also what sets them apart. Cultural diversity is broad in the sense that ‘culture’ can include our religion, gender, sexual orientation, history, education and traditions and beliefs. For decades, healthcare leaders and educators have recognized that culturalRead MoreGay Culture As My Study Intercultural Communication1693 Words   |  7 Pagespanromantic homosexual; meaning, he is sexually attracted to men, but romantically attracted to all genders. People all around the world fall victim to violence and inequality – some suffer torture, some even executed – because of who they choose to love, their appearance, or who they are. Our sexual orientation and gender identity are fundamental characteristics of ourselves, and that should never be factors for suffering from abuse or discrimination. Homosexuality is all over the world; coincidentallyRead MoreWhat Is Identity? Who Defines Such, And How Is It Constructed?1570 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is identity? Who defines such, and how is it constructed? The Oxford English dictionary, describes identity as â€Å"being who, or what a person is, and the characteristics determining who, or what that person is.† But, identity is much more complex than its dictionary definition. Although the word â€Å"identity† is used correctly in everyday discourse, its meaning is not captured by the definition. Identity has a double sense, it can refer to one’s self, a personal identity; but at the same timeRead MoreLifespan Development945 Words   |  4 Pages* Lifespan development is the field tha examine pattern of growth, change, and stability in behavior. (womb to tomb) * Major topical Areas (Physical Dev., Cognitive Dev., Personality Dev., Social Dev.) * Physical- Body and the brain. * Cognitive- Growth and behavior * Personality- Stability and change * Social- interaction and relationships grow * Cultural factors and developmental diversity * Broad factors * Orientation toward individualism orRead MoreHomosexuality Is Not A Choice For Adults963 Words   |  4 PagesBiological Based Homosexuality Over the past few decades, there has been controversy over the topic of homosexuality. Many people believe that there are homosexuals make the choice to be homosexual. On the contrary, several studies show that there are genetic factors that lead individuals toward a homosexual preference. The rights of people who are homosexual are becoming more progressive and are almost equivalent to those who are heterosexual in the United States. Homosexuality is a biologicalRead MoreGender Inequality Between Men And Men876 Words   |  4 PagesAnalyze, and reflect in terms of ideologies that dictate the role to be fulfilled by men and women in society, creating gender inequalities in the exercise. Now it seems that the struggle for a new human identity from the biological fact, is reaching, however, what is really difficult is to be able to act and be seen as human beings with equal chance of development and freedom for both women and men. While it builds the structure and culture around sexu al difference of individuals that form in every

Difference Between Rsa And Mvp Classification Analysis And...

1.1 What is representational similarity analysis? Representational similarity analysis (RSA) is an analysis framework builds on a rich psychological and mathematical literature, in which multi-channel measures of neural activity are quantitatively related to each other and to computational theory and behavior by comparing RDMs. RDM is the representational dissimilarity matrix, which contains a cell for each pair of experimental conditions. Each cell is a number reflecting the dissimilarity between the activity patterns associated with the two conditions. The core of the of RSA is to use RDM as a signature of the representations in brain regions and computational models (Kriegeskorte, Mur, Bandettini, 2008). 1.2 The differences between RSA and MVP classification analysis and the new information that can be obtained from representational similarity analysis that is not revealed by MVP classification or univariate analysis. RSA is a particular versatile version of MVPA. It goes beyond testing of information in regional response patterns and enables researchers to handle condition-rich experiments without predefined stimulus categories, to test conceptual and computational models, and to relate representations between humans and monkeys, and even to related across different types of brain activity measurements. 1.2.1 Major differences: 1) MVP classification analysis focus on the representations of the brain associated with experimental

The United States And Japan - 1622 Words

The decade before World War II saw economic depression grip the most powerful nations on the world. The United States and Japan were no exceptions to this, with one major difference. As an island nation, Japan lacked the resources and raw materials necessary to expand its military and heavy industry, a popular strategy for ending depression and stimulating economic recovery and expansion. As such, Japan turned to military conquest and imperialism to gather the necessary resources. Standing in the way was an impediment long-seen as an obstacle to the Japanese military leadership – the United States. The oil embargo enacted under President Franklin Roosevelt, preventing Japan from receiving oil exports from its largest supplier, proved to be a tipping point that coalesced military strategy around the need to bring war to the American homeland. Along with its overly-ambitious military hopes in the quest to expand an empire recovering from economic depression and in dire need of r esources and raw materials, the Japanese leaders underestimated the will of the Unites States and its allies in fighting a war against their aggression. Mistaking isolationist tendencies for â€Å"softness,† the Japanese failed to consider the rallying effect Pearl Harbor would have on the American spirit, ultimately catalyzing the transformation of the United States from an isolationist power to the protector of democracy around the world. In order to completely grasp the impact the attack on Pearl HarborShow MoreRelatedThe United States And Japan3771 Words   |  16 PagesAfter the atomic bombs had fallen and Japan was smoldering, very few people thought the† land of the rising sun† would ever rise again. However, as history can attest, they were wrong. In the wake of the 1945 bombings, the occupation and subsequent reconstruction of Japan was begun, just a short month later. The reconstruction of Japan was spearheaded by the Supreme Commander of Allied Powers, General Douglas MacArthur, and was formulated before the smoke even cleared .This reconstruction plan openedRead MoreThe United States And Japan1345 Words   |  6 PagesDue to Japan never wanting to surrender to the United States of America, two bombs were dropped on two cities which were Hiroshima and Nagasaki. There were many reasons why the United States decided to launch their nuclear attack. One of those reasons was that they wanted to end t he war and save lives. An invasion would have cost too much and would have had a lot more people killed. Another reason was that the U.S didn’t want another war happening which was going to be Russia vs Japan. They intervenedRead MoreThe United States And Japan902 Words   |  4 PagesIn today world, the United States and Japan have a strong political, economic and military relationship. The United States considers Japan to be one of its closest allies and partners. Both countries are strong economic and political superpowers that help run the world. Both countries also support the preservation of political and economic freedoms as well as the support of human rights. However, despite modernization and American influence, the Japanese way of life is still vastly different thanRead MoreJapan And The United States1026 Words   |  5 PagesJapanese fleets on the U.S. city of Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. This takes place with two rivaling countries, Japan the United States. This pape r will give detail on this tragic event, and how it will end. Cause of Pearl Harbor Japan, after winning against the weak fleets of Russia, the felt powerful over the years. Having dominance over some countries. But what was her deal with the U.S.? To start, Japan increased the need of natural resources including Oil, Minerals, Steel. This also came with theirRead MoreThe United States And Japan1158 Words   |  5 Pagesoutcry from the public and leaders for something to be done to reduce the increasingly growing number of Japanese immigrants in the West Coast. Subsequent regulations placed on the Japanese in the United States made them aggravated. There was serious trouble brewing between the United States and Japan until the Japanese carried out attacks on Pearl Harbour in December 1941. After the attack on Pearl Harbor there was increased spread of propaganda from the press and local leaders against the peopleRead MoreDifferences Between Japan And The United States1605 Words   |  7 PagesDifferences in Business Culture and Ethics Between Japan and the United States Since Japan’s exit from isolation and entrance into global, cross cultural exchange, many aspects of the Japanese culture have been shaped and changed from their original traditionalism. Despite Western influence, however, Japan has been able to maintain a sense of cultural identity through unique practices that are rooted in the original culture. A prime example of this autonomy can be found when observing JapaneseRead MoreDifference Between Japan And The United States858 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferences. The Japanese management was expecting the American workers to be like the Japanese people. They did not quite understand that their are differences between Japan and the United States. The employees here in the United States will not work over time if they don’t get paid for it. In Japan, it is completely different. Japan employees will work for $8 and hour, and seven days a week with unpaid overtime. This is what the Japanese were expecting the workers to be like . There are lots of problemsRead MoreThe Confrontation Between Japan And The United States1493 Words   |  6 PagesThis confrontation between Japan and the United States impacted the battles to come in the Pacific. History has proven the island of Midway to be an important base for many operations during World War II. Had the United States lost this battle, the war may have reached a different outcome. The Battle of Midway proved to be a crucial point for the United States in preventing the Japanese from taking control of the Pacific region during World War II. If Midway had fallen into the hands of the JapaneseRead MoreJapan and the United States: Different but Alike!713 Words   |  3 PagesJapan and the United States:Different but Alike! The culture of a place is an integral part of its society whether that place is a remote Indian village in Brazil or a highly industrialized city in Western Europe. The culture of Japan fascinates people in the United States because, at first glance, it seems so different. Everything that characterizes the United States--newness, racial heterogeneity, vast territory, informality, and an ethic of individualism-- is absent in Japan. There, one findsRead MoreThe United States And Japan s Involvement1687 Words   |  7 Pagesbut watch as the United States dropped the world’s first atomic bomb on his hometown. Three days later, while terror was still raging in Hiroshima, the US dropped a second atomic bomb on Nagasaki. While it may seem inhumane for the US to have used such powerful weapons on Japan, the US had many reasons to use such drastic measures. The United States and Japan s involvement in WW2 led to the eventual use of atomic weapons causing a series of devastating ef fects that changed Japan and the world forever

Substance Abuse During Pregnancy - 889 Words

Substance Abuse During Pregnancy The use of controlled substances throughout pregnancy is a very prevalent issue among society today. Controlled substances have devastating effects on not only the mothers using the substances, but also infants while they are in utero and after they are born. Many infants born to mothers, who are abusing drugs, suffer from life threatening illnesses and are forever affected through adulthood. Specifically, heroin is a common drug form that is often used during pregnancy and results in the life threatening effects mentioned above. When a woman uses heroin while pregnant, her baby is at risk for many challenging effects that will ultimately follow him or her as they grow into an adult. As heroin enters a mother’s system, the drug crosses into the child through the placenta (â€Å"Heroin Addiction†, n.d.). While a baby is in utero, a mother’s substance abuse can cause a fetus to grow at a slower rate, lead to the rupturing of the mem branes surrounding the baby that results in premature labor, and cause a possible stillbirth, which means the fetus dies in the womb (â€Å"An Overview of Heroin†, n.d.). Substance abuse can also cause the placenta to separate from the uterine wall leading to dangerous heavy bleeding, which is a threat to both mother and child (â€Å"Heroin and Pregnancy,† 2015). Along with possible placenta abruption, the use of heroin can lead to the intrauterine passage of meconium (â€Å"Opioid Abuse,† 2012). After labor and delivery, the effectsShow MoreRelatedSubstance Abuse During Pregnancy?952 Words   |  4 Pages Substance abuse during pregnancy can range in variation from prescription drugs to non-prescription drugs to even alcohol. Substance abuse is more common during pregnancy than most people realize. This type of abuse is more common amongst pregnant women. Most the time substance abuse is hard to find in women. Pregnant women who go through substance abuse usua lly don’t seek any medical help. If an expecting mother uses any kind of drug it can result in many complications. Some complications thatRead MoreSubstance Abuse And Women During Pregnancy1374 Words   |  6 PagesSubstance Abuse and Women Through the years, substance misuse in the United States has turned into an industrious issue influencing numerous people. In 2008, it was assessed that 17.8 million Americans beyond 18 years old where substance subordinate. Women who use medications during pregnancy can have an enduring impact on fetal. Medications can have an impact of maternal and child wellbeing, yet there are a lot of different variables, which influence it, poor social environment, nourishment, cleanlinessRead MoreAddiction And Substance Abuse During Pregnancy952 Words   |  4 Pagesheroin during a pregnancy are not only harmful to mother and child during gestation but have many social and medical problems after birth of the child. In the first paragraph I describe how women might come to find themselves in the situation of abusing drugs and finding out they are pregnant. I will provide information on some signs or a profile of addiction and substance abuse in women. The next point I will cover is through an interesting study that shows what the mothers pregnancy , the babiesRead MoreDrug And Substance Abuse During Pregnancy1442 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction Drug and substance abuse have been the prevalent world over among pregnant women. Past studies had shown that this could have an adverse effect on the child development. UNICEF (2007) was at the forefront of agitating against drug and substance abuse during pregnancy. Studies had also found out that more than 20% of mothers in the United States alone had smoked during pregnancy (Coles, 2010).Alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, cocaine, prescription drugs and heroin are some of the drugs thatRead MoreSubstance Abuse During Pregnancy Essay765 Words   |  4 Pages Abusing substances such as illegal drugs or pain medications during pregnancy can cause harmful, long term effects to not only the mother, but also to the unborn infant. McQueen, Murphy-Oikonen, and Desaulniers (2015) stated that, â€Å"in the United States approximately 4.4% of pregnant women abuse 1 or more substances during pregnancy†¦ However, the true prevalence of substance use during pregnancy is difficult to determi ne due to underreporting likely because of the social undesirability, stigmatizationRead MoreMaternal Substance Abuse During Pregnancy Care Managers1186 Words   |  5 PagesMaternal substance abuse accounts for problematic health concerns in infants, according Forray (2016), â€Å"5.9% of pregnant women use illicit drugs, with usage age ranging from 15-44 years of age† (p.3).   Types of illicit substances used during pregnancy consist of Cocaine, Marijuana, Methamphetamine, Heroin, and an array of other illicit substances.   Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. For my immersion experience I choose to focus on the population of womenRead MoreHow Substance Abuse Negatively Affects The Baby While During1328 Words   |  6 PagesHow substance abuse negatively affects the baby while during a woman’s pregnancy. Many women across the world cause complications to their unborn child when they choose to abuse substance. There are many types of substance abuse such as alcohol, tobacco, and drug abuse. Most likely when women choose to engage in these types of activities it causes harm to the child and birth defects. Long term and short term deformities and conditions are present in the child. Other factors play a part into whyRead MoreWhy Pregnant Substance Abuse Should Be Treated As A Major Issue1441 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many reasons why pregnant substance abuse should be treated as a major issue. The effects of substance abuse on the mother, fetus, and the overall pregnancy can range from none to extremely harmful. Women who use drugs during their pregnancy commonly give birth to â€Å"crack babies† or â€Å"drug babies†. These babies can have developmental disabilities or other birth defects. The mother may give birth to a premature infant, underweight infant, or even have a stillborn birth. The drug use of a pregnantRead MoreMany Women Across The World Cause Complications To Their1657 Words   |  7 Pagesacross the world cause complications to their unborn child when they choose to abuse substance. There are many types of substance abuse such as alcohol, tobacco, and drug abuse. Most likely when women choose to engage in these types of activities it causes harm to the child and birth defects. Long term and short term deformities and conditions are present in the child. Other factors play a part into why women abuse, substance such as stress, depression, and mental issues. More treatment and pre-educationRead MoreRelationship Of Substance Abuse And Physical Abuse1622 Words   |  7 PagesRelationship of Substance Abuse and Physical Abuse in Preterm Birth In the year of 2010, more than 450 billion babies were born prematurely (Truong, Reifsnider, Mayorga, Spitler, 2013). At least 35% of infant deaths each year are caused from preterm births, which also costs the U.S health care more than 26 billions of dollars in the year of 2005 alone (Malloy, 2013).Premature birth affects the growth of the child and leads to various complications. Babies born before 37 weeks are at an amplified

King Henry Iv Essay Example For Students

King Henry Iv Essay Henry IV was born in April 1367 and was the only son of John of Gaunt, the son of Edward III, and Blanche, the daughter of Henry Grismond, Duke of Lancaster. Known as Henry of Bolingbroke after his birthplace in Lincolnshire, he was made a knight of the Garter in 1377. In 1380, at the age of 13, he married Mary de Bohun, the youngest daughter and coheiress of Humphrey, the last Earl of Hereford. They had four sons and two daughters before her death at the age of 24, in 1394. As the Earl of Darby, Henry entered the House of Lords in 1385. In 1387 he supported his uncle Thomas, Duke of Gloucester, in his opposition to Richard II. (Gloucester was also Richards uncle, and Henry was the Kings First cousin.)While taking part in the Merciless; Parliament of 1388, Henry regained the favor of the King and in 1390 departed on the Crusade to Lithuania and then to Jerusalem. Visiting the kings of Bohemia and Hungary and the Archduke of Austria and then Venice in 1392-1393, he went only as far as Rhodes and then returned to England as a popular hero. He soon entered the government; he served on the Council while Richard was absent in Ireland in 1395 and for his efforts was made Duke of Hereford in 1397. Henry soon quarreled with the Duke of Norfolk, each accusing the other of arranging the murder of the Duke of Gloucester and calling for a trial by battle. Both men were banished from the realm. Norfolk for life and Henry for 10 years with a proviso that he would be allowed to inherit from his father. But on the death of John of Gaunt in 1399, the Lancastrian estates were confiscated by the King, and Henry decided to return, seemingly to claim his promised inheritance. Taking advantage of the Kings absence in Ireland, Henry landed on July 4, 1399, at Ravenspur, near Bridington, where he was soon joined by the northern nobles who were unhappy with the policies of the monarchy. By the end of the month Henry and his followers had raised an army and marched to Bristol. When Richard returned in August, the royal army started to desert; Henry claimed the throne for himself, and on August 19 he captured Richard near Conway. He then went with his prisoner to London and there, on September 29, Richard abdicated the throne. On October 13 Parliament formally deposed Richard and transferred the crown to Henry. This parliamentary action had constitutional importance, since it revived the claim that Parliament had the power to create monarchs. Prior to his coronation, Henry condemned Richard to imprisonment, where the deposed monarch soon dies, possibly due to starvation. Once on the throne, Henry spent his reign solidifying his position and removing the threat posed by the nobles who supported Richard. Starting in 1400, Henry made expeditions in Scotland against the Duke of Albany and the 4th Earl of Douglas and in Wales against Owen Glendower. He was an active supporter of the Orthodox Church against the Lollards, and in 1401 De heretico comburendo, one of the most important medieval statues, was passed. In 1402 he married Joan of Navarre, the widow of John V, Duke of Brittany, who survived him without issue. In the north the Percy family rose against the King, but Henry defeated them in July 1403 at Shrewsbury and the following year at Dartmouth. A revolt by the 1st Earl of Northumberland, Archbishop Scrope, and the Earl Marshal was defeated in 1405, and 2 years later the Beauforts claims to the throne were ended. .u81d5294d10c422a05dc15310e84db1ba , .u81d5294d10c422a05dc15310e84db1ba .postImageUrl , .u81d5294d10c422a05dc15310e84db1ba .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u81d5294d10c422a05dc15310e84db1ba , .u81d5294d10c422a05dc15310e84db1ba:hover , .u81d5294d10c422a05dc15310e84db1ba:visited , .u81d5294d10c422a05dc15310e84db1ba:active { border:0!important; } .u81d5294d10c422a05dc15310e84db1ba .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u81d5294d10c422a05dc15310e84db1ba { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u81d5294d10c422a05dc15310e84db1ba:active , .u81d5294d10c422a05dc15310e84db1ba:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u81d5294d10c422a05dc15310e84db1ba .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u81d5294d10c422a05dc15310e84db1ba .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u81d5294d10c422a05dc15310e84db1ba .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u81d5294d10c422a05dc15310e84db1ba .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u81d5294d10c422a05dc15310e84db1ba:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u81d5294d10c422a05dc15310e84db1ba .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u81d5294d10c422a05dc15310e84db1ba .u81d5294d10c422a05dc15310e84db1ba-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u81d5294d10c422a05dc15310e84db1ba:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Thesis: Is There a God or is He(?) an Illusion? EssayBy the Battle of Brabham Moor in 1408, the domestic threats to the throne were ended, and Henry could turn his attention to the civil wars in France as well as reforming his household administration. He was able to defeat an attempt to force him to resign in favor of his more popular son (later Henry V), but his health declined, perhaps because of epilepsy. On March 20, 1413, he was seized with a fatal attack while praying at Westminster Abbey and died in the Jerusalem Chamber. He was buried at Canterbury.

Japanese Electronics Industry

Question: Discuss about the Japanese Electronics Industry. Answer: Introduction Controlling electric power is a science that is responsible for handling generation, switching and turning electrical energy into other forms of energy. This phenomenon is known as electronics. There are many types of electronic equipments such as different types of active parts of electron tube and resistors. It also includes different types of passive parts like transformers and coils, electrochemical like tuners and connectors, and functional as microphones and speakers. Our world has been lightened by electronics industry. For making our lives easier electronics have provided immense benefits to us. However, electronics not only improves and enhances our studies and research but also it enhances and improves communication (Don, n.d). In our daily life, electronic products provided many help to us. It helps in gaining knowledge about the current situation of the world while improving entertainments for instance, Gameboy, PlayStation, etc. It also supports medical world while diagnosing diseases at early stages. Apart from that, electronics also helps in building new agreements and trade forms i.e. evolving e-commerce that has a very low cost of operations and are very efficient. In modern competitive world, electronics devices can control the electric power, as they have started to use the component of semiconductor (Don, n.d). In the world of electronics, Japan is listed in the richest countries. Japan is known for cars, electronics, great culture and Zucchini. In the electronics market, electronics has entered its footsteps in Japan. In electronics world, Japanese manufacturers hold a leading position. Japan ranks third in the manufacturing industry of the world. It is also a member of the information technology component of WTO. Japan is the largest exporter of the component of semiconductor as well as a reputed producer. Apart from that, Toshiba and Sony are listed under the top 10 companies that buys semiconductor component and are considered as big manufacturers of semiconductor component. However, it can be said that Japan is competitive in terms of electronics market, as it is the home for innumerable companies other than Toshiba and Sony such as Canon, Nikon, Panasonic, Matsushita, Yamaha, TDK, NEC, Fujitsu, Fujifilm, etc. Lower cost of inputs and price of the product along with higher innovation i s the result of higher competition among the companies in the market (Ingo, Peter, and Ulrich, 2011). History of companies using Japanese Technologies It is about a story that has started in 1952. A Japanese company known as NHK has initiated radio broadcasting. At that time, emergence of radio buyers and sellers has started to emerge in the Japanese cities. Popularity of radio component has been seen in 1930. Japanese government in the year of 1960 had noticed the advantage of radio in the field of communication and started to supply raw materials to the radio manufacturers. Most of the Japanese companies had manufacture radio on the early 950s. Companies of Japan have developed video recorder, laser, CD player, technology, LCD sand transistor, VSH solar cell, Walkman and receivers (nhk.or.jp, n.d). Production of radio in huge amount has been started from 1952. In 1952, Japan produces television in masses. However, in 1960s, most of the Japanese families have the ambition of buying refrigerator, TV and washing machines. In 1959, the ratios of transistors, capacitors, and speakers production when compared to the rate of production in 1958 were 2:0, 2:0 and 2:4 respectively. 1957 is the year of internalisation of the Japanese companies to foreign locations. Many of the Japanese companies have targeted to open their office at United States. However, from the year of 1958, companies have started to export various Japanese techniques to different foreign nations. 1997 witnessed the increased production of electronics items from the year of 1955. It was 68.1 million to 9.35 trillion. In 1985, 13.6 million TV has been exported by Japan. In 1980s Japan had become the third largest manufacturers of TV in the world. In the late 1990s, it is seen that Japan has mastered in the production o f electronic goods to meet the demand of the domestic market. Moreover, Japanese companies had performed well in the manufacturing of digital camera, plasma TV, cell phones and car navigation system (Jeffrey, 2012). In 1980s semiconductor component was manufactured by Japan. Companies of Japan in todays world are considered as renowned market leader in the manufacturing of semiconductor component. Almost half of the worlds semiconductor productions are manufactured in Japan. Companies like Hitachi, Toshiba and NEC are listed as the top producer of semiconductor component in the world. However, due to economic recession in the year of 2008, Japanese companies fall due to the currency appreciation (Jeffrey, 2012). International Trade Theories and Japan Many theoretical frameworks explain international trade. Trade is defined as the exchange of products and services between many countries. Trade theories are of two types such as modern and classical. Classical theories are classified into many categories such as Comparative advantage, absolute advantage, Heckscher-Ohlin and Mercantilism. A countrys total quantity of silver and gold is known as Mercantilism. On the other hand, Adam Smith proposed the theory of absolute advantage that focused on the capability of a country while manufacturing products at a better quality than the other country. For instance, Japan has all the favourable conditions of producing electronic goods such as skilled and educated workers, competitive market landscape, and other aspects. Hence, it can be said that Japan faces less risk in producing electronics goods by Japanese companies (lardbucket.org, n.d). Competitive advantage can be characterized at the situation where one country is capable of manufacturing higher quality products than the other countries. For instance, Japan has the capability of producing electronics items in an efficient manner compared to other categories of products such as jewellery, clothes and oil. After that, the Heckscher Ohlin theory highlights the fact that a country must sell its surplus production in terms of less expensive products. On the contrary, there are nations that will import products which require assets that are very rare. For instance, Japan imports crude oil and exports electronics. After the rise of World War II, rise of modern trade theories were identified (lardbucket.org, n.d). The modern theory is alluded with the exchange of products manufactured in the same sector between two countries. It is advancement with the emergence of multinational companies. A good example is America imports Toshiba Laptops from Japan while it exports MacBook to Japan. Apart from that, when a nation directly invests into a product or service of a foreign country then it is known as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). In 2016, Japan has witnessed the increment of FDI in of 44889 JPY hundred millions. From 1996 to 2016, Japan reaches 5370.12 JPY hundred millions and it has also recorded a low GDP of -3825.00 JPY Hundreds Million in 2010 (tradingeconomics.com, 2016). Overall, in terms of growth of Japanese electronics industry international trade is responsible for creating a positive impact. It is seen that American inventions are found in most of the Japanese products. to avoid trade war between nations, Japan has invented a strategy of both exporting and importing goods. in 2014, Japan is ranked as fourth largest exporter and importer of goods. In 2015, the rank has shifted to one of the ten largest exporters. the whole Japanese electronics industry in 2015 has imported 490.2bn electronics goods and export $95.6bn goods. Some countries are capable of manufacturing products without the help of advanced technology. On the contrary, few companies adopt internalisation in order to get good economies of scale (Frankel, 1999). Porters Diamond For describing a competitive advantage of the country, Michael Porter has developed a model in 1990. The theory highlights the fact that the competitiveness of a nation is determined by the ability of the industries while developing and innovating things. It also illustrates the reason of choosing a particular industry. For instance, South Korea, Taiwan and Japan etc. are focused on electronics industry. Porter points out four determinants. They are demand conditions, local firm characteristics, factor conditions and complementary industries local suppliers. Local capabilities and market resources considers some factors such as skilled labour, infrastructure, technological base, etc while deciding the product selected for import and export of goods by a particular country. The second factor is demand condition that illustrates that local market is the best place for innovation while enabling competitive advantage. In terms of local suppliers, companies have to maintain a strong relation with the local suppliers in order to get a competitive advantage. Last is industry that will include construction, competition and strategy (investopedia.com, 2016). Innovation and quality is the result of increased level of competition. Porter has pointed out the role of government in controlling the competitiveness of the companies. For instance, free trade agreements are formulated for the benefit of foreign companies in a country. However, Government will invest in the electronics sector while encouraging the new entrants (investopedia.com, 2016). Conclusion It can be concluded that international trade theories have a vital role in creating a significant impact in appreciating international trade. Theories of international trade put emphasis on the production in larger quantities with lower cost of manufacturing. However, companies and government both implement these theories. Japan implements various theories of international trade in order to maintain good relations with other nation. Japan has advantage of having good hold over electronics industry but it also imports many electronic items. It is due to the high number of educated and skilled labours as well as electrical engineers. Investment of government in this industry has also developed the condition of the industry. However, Japanese government has not taken any steps to protect the domestic companies in this market. On the other hand, South Korea has introduced the free trade agreement to save the local markets from the foreign multinational giants.